Entrepreneurial firms have important influence on（）

A . Providing a temporary network need B . Ensuring secure presentations C . Having freedom of movement within a network range D . Augmenting an existing network

A . 24 B . 4 C . 3 D . 16

A．operating B．sending C．managing" D．leading

是 否

A．completed B．finished C．fulfilled D．stopped

A．avenge B．stick to C．attribute to D．automate

A．principle B．princedom C．principal D．princess

An answer to the flint of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far clown the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth century. English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteenth century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries. To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumptions stimulated by competition for status. The "middling sort" bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form. of self-gratification？ If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition. Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries？ McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it？ What for example does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills？ It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector. That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of re cent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to _______. A．contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth century England B．indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth century English history C．give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth century England D．support the contention that key questions about eighteenth century consumerism remain to be answered

A．governed B．greeted C．committed D．combined

Big oil firms (4)_____ rolling in money today, but that disguises the fact that their longer-term prospects are (5)_____. Behind the reserves-accounting scandal at Royal Dutch/ Shell (6)_____ a problem bedeviling all of the majors: replacing their dwindling reserves. (7)_____ existing fields in Alaska and the North Sea are rapidly declining, OPEC countries and Russia are (8)_____ them out. (9)_____ they are to survive in the long term, the big oil firms must embrace other sources of energy (10)_____ oil. (11)_____ it is to believe, higher oil prices could be bad news for producing countries (12)_____. Political leaders in Russia, Venezuela and other oil-rich countries are bending laws to crack (13)_____ on foreign firms and to strengthen their grip on oil (14)_____ through state-run firms. This may be convenient for the political leaders themselves. Alas, it is (15)_____ to do much for their countrymen. For years corruption and inefficiency (16)_____ the typical results of government control of oil resources. Producing countries should (17)_____ embrace open markets. (18)_____ one thing, shutting out foreign investment will only hurt their own oil output by (19)_____ the sharpest managers and latest technologies. For another, economic liberalisation (including reform. of bloated welfare states) would help OPEC countries (20)_____ their economies—as the NAFTA trade deal has done for oil-rich Mexico—and so prepare them for the day when the black gold starts running out. A．ones B．shock C．prices D．countries

In reality, however, early trading companies successfully purchased and outfitted ships, built andoperated offices and warehouses, manufactured trade goods for use abroad, maintained tradingposts and production facilities overseas, procured goods for import, and sold those goods both athome and in other countries. The large volume of transactions associated with these activitiesseems to have necessitated hierarchical management structures well before the advent of moderncommunications and transportation. For example, in the Hudson’s Bay Company, each far-flungtrading outpost was managed by a salaried agent, who carried out the trade with the NativeAmericans, managed day-to-day operations, and oversaw the post’s workers and servants. Onechief agent, answerable to the Court of Directors in London through the correspondencecommittee, was appointed with control over all of the agents on the bay. The early trading companies did differ strikingly from modern multinationals in many respects.They depended heavily on the national governments of their home countries and thuscharacteristically acted abroad to promote national interests. Their top managers were typicallyowners with a substantial minority share, whereas senior managers’ holdings in modernmultinationals are usually insignificant. They operated in a pre-industrial world, grafting a systemof capitalist international trade onto a pre-modern system of artisan and peasant production.Despite these differences, however, early trading companies organized effectively in remarkablymodern ways and merit further study as analogues of more modern structures. The author’s main point is that______ A．modern multinationals originated in the sixtenth and seventeenth centuries with the establishment of chartered trading companies B．the success of early chartered trading companies, like that of modern multinationals, depended primarily on their ability to carry out complex opertions C．early chartered trading companies should be more seriously considered by scholars studying the origins of modern multinationals D．scholars are quite mistaken concerning the origins of modern multinationals E．the management structures of early chartered trading companies are fundamentally the same as those of modern multinationals

A.Firm1charges0,firm2charges$10 B.Firm1charges$9.99,firm2charges$10 C.Firm1charges$9.99,firm2charges0 D.Bothfirmscharge0

A．9.38%. B．9.85%. C．10.31%.

A、The gain or loss in market value must be calculated and disclosed in the footnotes to the financial statements. B、Net income and equity are unaffected,but the change may be discussed in managements commentary. C、Net income is unaffected,but the change in market value is recorded in other comprehensive income.

A、Senior debt. B、short-term debt. C、Secured bank debt.

A．24 B．4 C．3 D．16