President Ronald Reagan, denouncing the Soviet state as an "evil empire", escalated the Cold War and promoted rollback in Nicaragua and Afghanistan.（)

A . 正确 B . 错误

A . only one　 B . two C . more than two　 D . as many as four

A . A、独裁型 B . B、温和型 C . C、民主型 D . D、放任型

A . is B . are C . being D . ha

A . the Democratic Party　 B . the Republican Party C . the Whig Party　 D . None of the above

A . 美国大皇帝 B . 美国民主 C . 美国总统 D . 美国君主

A．Angel Clare B．Alec C．Fate D．Jude

A．80 B．32 C．48 D．112

是 否

A．reckon B．ponder C．tackle D．challenge

22. Determining causes and effects is usually thought-provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate cause, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, this creating a causal chain. For example, consider the following causal chain. Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: The large sale cause her to be promoted by her employer (effect). A second reason why causal analysis can be so complex is that an effect may have any number of possible or actual causes, and a cause may have any number of possible or actual effects. 23. An upset stomach may be caused by eating spoiled food, but it may also be caused by overeating, flu, allergy, nervousness, pregnancy, or any combination of factors. Similarly, the high cost of electricity may have multiple effects: higher profits for utility companies, fewer sales of electrical appliances, higher prices for other products, and the development of alternative sources of energy. Sound reasoning and logic are central to any causal analysis. Writers of believable causal analysis examine their material objectively and develop their essays carefully. They are convinced by their own examination of the material, but are not afraid to admit other possible causes and effects. Because people are accustomed to thinking of causes with their effects, they sometimes commit an error in logic known as the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. 24. This fallacy leads people to believe that because one event occurred after another event, the first event somehow caused the second. That is, they sometimes make causal connection that are not proved. For example, if students began to perform. better after a free breakfast program was instituted at their school, one could not assume that the improvement was caused by the breakfast program. There could of course be any number of other causes for this effect, and a responsible writer on the subject would analyze and consider them all before suggesting the cause. (21)

A．They were founders of political movements. B．They were examples of charismatic leaders. C．They were attorneys who led by the law. D．They had contrasting types of authority.

A．The Prime Minister． B．The President． C．Elizabeth II． D．The leader of the majority party．

A．总统 B．科学 C．指甲，钉子 D．表演

To: Mack From: President Subject: Stopping Rent Date: April 25, 2003 It is decided at our monthly meeting that we are going to relocate our office this May and have to stop renting the present one. Please send a fax to the Administration Department, telling them about our decision and explaining the reason for our relocation. ？ Send a fax to the Administration Manager of your present office building: ？ telling him your decision of stop renting their office ？ explaining the reason for the relocation ？ expressing your thanks for their full support during your rent ？ asking him to contact you if he has any questions. ？ Write 60-80 words. ？ Write on your Answer Sheet.

A．completely B．otherwise C．relatively D．eventually