Limited health care and educational centers have been a problem in big cities in China.

A . A、在1977年世界卫生大会上提出的 B . B、在1998年世界卫生大会上提出的 C . C、在1948年世界卫生组织成立宣言中提出的 D . D、世界卫生组织1978年在阿拉木图提出的 E . E、世界卫生组织1988年在日内瓦提出的

A．make... into a stream B．make... flow smoothly like a line C．make... successfully D．make

A) To resolve the dilemma in the health-care system. B) To maintain America’s lead in the drug industry. C) To allow the vast majority to enjoy its benefits. D) To quicken the pace of new drug development.

A．satisfactory B．unfit C．incomplete D．inadequate

A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned

A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned

A．will be lowered in the long run. B．will be significantly increased. C．will be more than $200 million. D．will reach $3.2 billion.

A．more than half of American companies would give up paying health care for their employees. B．company employees prefer to turn to exchanges for their professional services. C．debt ceiling would lead to an increase in the rate of unemployment. D．companies would put their retired employees under the roll for public health care.

A major new study shows that the situation may be changing. A large and rapid drop in the world's birth rate has taken place during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than they were a few years ago. It is happening in both developing and industrial nations, Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this. More men and women are waiting longer to get married and are using birth control devices and methods to prevent or delay pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away from their homes instead of having children. And more governments, especially in developing nations, now support family planning programs to reduce population growth. China is one of the nations that has made great progress in reducing its population growth. China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. China now urges each family to have no more than one child. And it hopes to reach zero population growth, the number of births equaling the number of deaths, by the year 2000. Several nations in Europe already have fewer births than deaths. Experts said that these nations could face a serious shortage of workers in the future. And the persons who are working could face much higher taxes to help support the growing number of retired people. In Paragraph one, the sentence "Experts Dong have been concerned about such growth", the phrase "concerned about" is similar in meaning to______. A．worried about B．related to C．engaged in D．made a study of

A．the inadequate training of physicians B．the declining number of doctors C．the ever-rising health care costs D．the shrinking primary care resources.

A accessibility B predictability C susceptibility D possibility

Why is this？ Although the total growth rate of the world population will decrease(下降), in some countries there will be a big rise in the population. More people will be born in Third World countries than in the richer Northern countries. So the population will grow faster in poor countries; and the problems in these countries will be very serious. This is because the family is more likely to survive(幸存) if there are a lot of children to work for the members who become old or who cannot find work. A survey of the UN also shows that the growth rate is low where there is a higher level of income, better education, more health care and better living conditions. In this aspect, government plays an important role. So, the conclusion of the UN report is: "Look after the people and the population will look after itself." What can we learn about the growth rate of population？ A．The total growth rate of world population will increase. B．The growth rate of population in richer countries will increase. C．The growth rate of population in poor countries will increase. D．The total growth rate in American countries will increase.

Although U.S. hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of insufficient organizations: increasing costs and decreasing use. The average cost of a hospital stay in 1987—$3,850—was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increases in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 2796 greater than that for all medical care and 163% greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34%. But hospitals seemed oblivious of the decline: during this period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about 396, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240,000. After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked: "Where's the money going？" Much of the increase in hospital costs—amounting to $180 billion from 1965 to 1987—went to duplicating medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern Healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that "anecdotes of hospitals' unnecessary spending on technology abound". Medical technology is very expensive. An operating room outfitted to perform. open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33%, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth was worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest mortality rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform. at least fifty to a hundred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more; the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform. fewer than fifty a year. According to the passage, the American health-care system______. A．is working smoothly B．is the best system in the world C．is not working efficiently D．in on the point of collapses

Much more interest has been shown in preventive medicine in recent years. This is probably due in part to the increasing costs of medical treatment, but the writings of such people as Dr. Keneth Cooper have also played an important role. In his book Aerobics. Dr. Cooper communicated his message of the benefits of exercise so effectively that many other authors have flowed in his trail, and literally millions of readers have put on their sports shoes and taken to the highways and byways of America. A recent survey showed that over 17 million people are jogging. Many of these are so serious that they have trained themselves to run the 26 miles and 385 yards of the hard and tiring marathons that are sponsored all over the country. The last time I was in Honolulu, I was amazed to see hundreds of people, young and old, running for their lives, and I discovered many of them have run in the Hawaiian Marathon. Exercise has also become a major part of conversation. A1 a dinner party recently, the president of a bank asked me, "You look like a runner; how far do you run each day？" A few days later when I appeared on a national television show, the host suddenly asked me if I was a regular runner. On both occasions the conversation turned to the subject of exercise and I found, as I have found whenever I have traveled recently, that this is a subject on many people's minds. Of course, there are still many people who are less than enthusiastic about exercise. They appreciate the philosophy of Robert M. Hutchins who said, "Whenever the thought of exercise occurs to me, I lie down till it passes." The first paragraph indicated that medical workers ______. A．are in great demand？ B．make a lot of money C．are concerned with their own health D．like sports more than ordinary people

A．allowed B．appointed C．allocated D．attributed

是 否

A．Theclienthasreducedlungvolumeandfibrosisonchestx-ray． B．Thereisevidenceofsilicainthebloodstreambutnoclinicalsymptoms． C．Theclienthasnormalpulmonaryfunctionstudiesbuthasshortnessofbreath． D．Massivepulmonaryfibrosisisvisibleonchestx-ray,andextrapulmonarysymptomsareapparent．

The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent. In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment-at the end of life, for example-is too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisions based on cost is a form. of rationing. Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest ones are expected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, even though there’s no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurance companies to help determine reimbursement(报销)policies. Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and financial overseers. "There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldn’t be functioning simultaneously as doctors," said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients, "I’m not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it’s bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts." Doctors can face some grim trade-offs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are about equally effective in treating macular degeneration, an eye disease. But one costs $50 a dose and the other close to $2,000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug. Avastin, instead of the costlier one, Lucentis. But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye, and using it rather than the alternative, Lucentis, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Should doctors consider Medicare’s budget in deciding what to use？ "I think ethically(在道德层面上)we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole," said Dr. Donald Jensen. Still, some analysts say that there’s a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so. "In some ways," said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, "it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue." 57.What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do？ A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take. B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments. C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions. D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care. 58.What were doctors mainly concerned about in the past？ A.Specific medicines to be used. B.Professional advancement. C.Effects of medical treatment. D.Patients’ trust. 59.What may the new guidelines being developed lead to？ A.The redefining of doctors’ roles. B.Conflicts between doctors and patients. C.Overuse of less effective medicines. D.The prolonging of patients’ suffering. 60.What risk do doctors see in their dual role as patient care providers and financial overseers？ A.They may be involved in a conflict of interest. B.They may be forced to divide their attention. C.They may have to use less effective drugs. D.They may lose the respect of patients. 61.What do some experts say about doctors’ involvement in medical cost analysis？ A.It may add to doctors’ already heavy workloads. B.It will help to save money for society as a whole. C.It results from society’s failure to tackle the problem. D.It raises doctors’ awareness of their social responsibilities.

A．electronic B．electron C．has been donate D．has donated

A．Potassium:3．8 mEq/L B．Serum creatinine: 1．2mg/dL C．Prothrombin time:15 seconds D．Blood urea nitrogen : 18mg/dL