As society changes, social values and linguistic v...

As society changes, social values and linguistic values begin to diverge. Language contains traditional values this is which is implied in the ideas of【M1】______ social conditioning and social learning. In a static society, traditional values are unquestioned. Hence social learning takes the form. of social conditioning. Social conditioning is the unquestioned or confused adherence with social【M2】______ norms, and occurs when society is taken to be self-referential. Society is the judge of their own needs.【M3】______ The only circumstance which normally breaks social conditioning in some【M4】______ degrees is change. Therefore in a period of fast social change, chaos occurs as【M5】______ social norms are questioned, altered and perhaps even rejected. New norms are slowly generated. This chaos ensure that society can no longer be regar-【M6】______ ded as being self-referential. In this situation of chaos, language is grasped as being self-referential. Then language is no longer necessary tied to social reality. In such times,【M7】______ values change as the values within language change and we may witness radical innovation in artistic genres. For example, the nineteenth century saw the focus on art for arts sake, with science for sciences sake(neither art nor science was to be dependent【M8】______ on values external to themselves, such as social usefulness). Then the problem of grappling with the new possibilities of language produced the dense symbolism of the French poet Mallarme. In twentieth-century literal theory【M9】______ the text has become autonomous and self-contained, and/or the reader has acquired a total freedom in his interpretation of the text.【M10】______ 【M1】

时间:2023-03-10 06:13:59

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