听力原文：Katarina: So, Jatinder and Ali, how did you deal with culture shock when you first came here to study？
Jatinder: Well, Katarina, when I first arrived in the UK, I was just so excited to be living in a foreign country: away from my parents ... that I just didn't really notice anything at first. How about you, Ali？
Ali: Yeah. Same here. That's quite typical, isn't it？ Everything seems new and fascinating. But, after this initial enthusiasm wears off, all the new experiences may begin to overwhelm you. Things that you found exciting at first may now seem strange and a little frightening. Even minor differences, such as being unable to buy your usual brands of various products, can add to the sense of strangeness.
Jatinder: Yes. That's right. Then you may start to experience sudden mood changes and strong reactions, feeling lost, disoriented, and even irritated and resentful. Most of all, you may wish you were back among the familiar people and places at home. All international students can experience culture shock in some form. ... even those coming from countries with very similar lifestyles to those in the UK. It is important to understand that this reaction is entirely normal and that it will pass.
Katarina: OK. So what suggestions do you have for me？
Ali: Well, I made sure that I arrived early. I got here about ten days, yeah, ten days before most of the other students, so that I could settle in before things got busy. Many universities run special induction programmes for international students in the week before term begins. A typical induction programme provides a tour of the college or university, an overview of its facilities and how to use them, help with registering for your academic programme, and social events where you can meet other students and staff. This can help you to start to get used to your new environment.
Katarina: Yeah, I heard about those ... but too late unfortunately. Jatinder, did you go on an induction course like Ali？
Jatinder: No. I wish I had, but my parents wouldn't let me go a day sooner than absolutely necessary. It was very annoying.
Ali: Every university has counsellors who can give you practical advice on adjusting to your new environment. These people have special training in offering advice and support, and they understand the challenges you face. They can listen to you sympathetically, offer practical suggestions, and refer you to other professionals if necessary. Your personal tutor and the staff in the international office of your college or university can also be helpful.
Jatinder: Have you heard about the 'buddy' or mentoring system？ Students who have been at the university or college for a longer period give advice to new arrivals, and are available for help and guidance throughout the year. There is information on schemes such as these at the students' union or the international student association will help you become involved. I used the system when I arrived and found it really opened some doors socially: you know, I got to meet lots of people, like Ali, right？
Ali: Right! Katarina, I think that it's also important to keep in touch with home. Use the telephone, e-mail and conventional mail to keep in contact with your friends and family at home. In larger towns or cities with large international communities, like this one, you may be able to find people from your country. Spend some time with them. Many international students find that it helps to make contact with people from a similar background because they understand what you are going through. Spending time with people from your country can also be a relaxing break from the 'strangeness' of the UK. You can speak your own language, eat your own foods and talk about what is going on back home.
Jatinder: Yes. and don't forget that the university has a variety of cultural societies, as well as an active international students' association: ask at the student union. They may also have inform
The 1920s was the decade of advertising. The advertising men went wild: everything from salt to household coal was being nationally advertised. Of course, ads had been around for a long time. But something new was happening, in terms of both scale and strategy. For the first time, business began to use advertising as a psychological weapon against consumers. Without their product, the consumer would be left unmarried, fall victim to a terrible disease, or be passed over for a promotion. Ads developed an association between the product and one's very identity. Eventually they came to promise everything and anything—from self-esteem to status, friendship, and love.
This psychological approach was a response to the economic dilemma business faced. Americans in the middle classes and above(to whom virtually all advertising was targeted) were no longer buying to satisfy basic needs—such as food, clothing and shelter. These had been met. Advertisers had to persuade consumers to acquire things they most certainly did not need. In other words, production would have to "create the wants it sought to satisfy." This is exactly what manufacturers tried to do. The normally conservative telephone company attempted to transform. the plain telephone into a luxury, urging families to buy "all the telephones that they can conveniently use, rather than the smallest amount they can get along with." One ad campaign targeted fifteen phones as the style. for a wealthy home.
Business clearly understood the nature of the problem. According to one historian, "Business had learned as never before the importance of the final consumer. Unless he or she could be persuaded to buy, and buy extravagantly, the whole stream of new cars, cigarettes, women's make-up, and electric refrigerators would be dammed up at its outlets."
But would the consumer be equal to her task as the foundation of private enterprise？ A top executive of one American car manufacturer stated the matter bluntly: business needs to create a dissatisfied consumer; its mission is "the organized creation of dissatisfaction." This executive led the way by introducing annual model changes for his company's cars, designed to make the consumer unhappy with what he or she already had. Other companies followed his lead. Economic success now depended on the promotion of qualities like waste and self-indulgence.
The campaign to create new and unlimited wants did not go unchallenged. Trade unions and those working for social reform. understood the long-term consequences of materialism for most Americans: it would keep them locked in capitalism's trap. The consumption of luxuries required long hours at work. Business was explicit in its resistance to increases in free time, preferring consumption as the alternative to taking economic progress in the form. of leisure. In effect, business offered up the cycle of work-and-spend.
The 1920s advertising men went wild ______.
A．about salt and household coal
B．over their ads scale and strategy
C．about a psychological weapon
D．to develop an association between the product and the consumers
