It is through learning that the individual _____ many habitual ways of reacting to situations.

A . wormed，parceled，and served B . wrapped with heavy tape C . wrapped with chafing gear D . wrapped in leather

In the study, participants watched a short video of a person conditioned to fear a so-called neutral stimulus-something people normally wouldn't fear--paired with something they find naturally aversive (令人讨厌的), in this case an electrical shock. The person in the video watched colored squares on a computer screen: When a blue square appeared, the person received a mild shock; when a yellow square appeared, there was no shock. The participant in the video responded with distress when the blue square appeared—he would blink hard, tense his cheek muscles and move his hand. "So it's clear that he's uncomfortable, he's in distress," said study team member Andreas Olsson of Columbia University. "And he's already in distress before he receives the shock, you see him anticipate receiving the shock." By contrast the participant in the video appeared relaxed when the yellow square popped up, Participants were told they would take part in a similar experiment, and when presented with the blue square, they responded with fear, anticipating a shock, though they were never actually shocked. "Just by watching, they learn themselves," Olsson explained. This second learning was reflected in the brain. In previous classical conditioning experiments where a fear is learned firsthand, a part of the brain called the amygdala (扁桃核) has been shown to be critical to the development and expression of fears. The scientists monitored the brain activity of each participant during the experiment. Imaging showed that the amygdala responded both when the subjects watched the video of someone else receiving shocks and when they were presented with the blue squares themselves. "We found that the amygdala is involved both when you're watching somebody receiving shocks, and when you're expecting to receive shocks later on yourself," Olsson said. So it seems that similar processes in the brain are triggered both when fears are experienced first-hand and when they are observed in others. In the real world, the finding could explain why some people are afraid of things despite little contact with them. "You learn by observing other people's emotional expressions, and what we are showing is that that can be as effective as having those direct experiences yourself," Olsson said. "That's probably one of the reasons why a lot people are having phobias (恐怖症) of certain kinds of stimuli, such as snakes and spiders." What's people's response to a neutral stimulus？ A．Normally they are not scared by it. B．Usually they are seriously scared by it. C．They feel ridiculous when seeing it. D．They often feel uncomfortable at it.

A．on B．with C．without D．to

A．will be lowered in the long run. B．will be significantly increased. C．will be more than $200 million. D．will reach $3.2 billion.

A.say B.to saying C.to say D.said

A．touch B．hunt C．sway D．proceed

A．currently compulsory but beneficiary B．beneficiary but not necessary C．optional but popular D．voluntary but ignored

One example is New York University in Manhattan. The School of Continuing and Professional Studies began online classes in nineteen ninety-two. Its Virtual College has taught more than ten thousand students from across the United States and other countries. Last year, the School of Continuing and Professional Studies launched NYU Online. It offers NYU's first online programs to earn a bachelor's degree. Programs are offered in three areas: leadership and management, information systems management and social sciences. University officials say classes are highly interactive, where students communicate with each other and their teachers. Some classes require students to all log in at the same time so they can attend live lectures by a professor. Students can also ask questions and work together on team projects. The university says classes are taught by NYU professors who have been trained in online teaching. International students must take two admission tests before they can be accepted into the program. These are the SAT and the TOEFL. We will discuss these tests later in our series. The cost to attend NYU Online depends on how many classes a student takes. It can cost as much as fifteen thousand dollars a year. NYU offers no financial aid for international students in this program. You can get more details at nyu.edu. 1. When did New York University start its online classes？ A. In 1990 B. In 1998. C. In 1992. D. In 1982. 2. Which of the following is NOT included in the online programs offering a BA degree？ A. Information Systems Management. B. Finance and Economy. C. Leadership and Management. D. Social Sciences. 3. What can the students do in the online learning programs？ A. Communicate with each other and the teacher. B. Attend classes and lectures together. C. Ask questions and work together on team projects. D. Students are taught by NYU professors in the classroom. 4. International students can be accepted into the program after ________ . A. they take the SAT and the TOFEL B. they go to New York University C. they apply and log in D. two years in the United States 5. How much does the online learning program cost per year？ A. $15,000. B. $1,500. C. It depends. D. $5,000.

A．A.far from B．B.far more C．C.much more

A．acquires B．retains C．preserves D．achieves

A．comedies of everyday life B．children’s movie or TV show C．speeches D．action movies

A．that B．when C．which D．what